Here, Marx disagrees with Durkheim: the status quo doesn’t create consensus, it generates class conflict (Ritzer & Stepnisky, 2017)! Similarities Between Conflict Theory and Functionalism 1. One key conflict theorist, Karl Marx, founder of Marxism, looked at how capitalism creates a social order whereby the owners of capital – the capitalist class – oppress the workers, exploiting their labor because they hold the power (Marx & Engels, 2010). Similarly, they may see that a state police force protects the powerful while over-policing the poor, and especially people of color (Alexander, 2010). For example, consensus over the traditional definition of the family marginalizes LGBT people (Giddens & Sutton, 2017). So, critical theorists instead look at the current state of social institutions and examine how they go about marginalizing and oppressing (Collins, 2010). Where functionalists see consensus, critical theorists see the exercise of power to entrench social inequalities and hierarchies (Domhoff, 2014). But to critical theorists, it misses an important point: the status quo causes immense inequalities and injustices (Collins, 2010)! Functionalism tends to focus on how consensus leads to social stability. The latent function of schooling in the West, for example, might be that it socializes children into embracing a capitalist worldview and teaches them to become workers rather than innovators (Bowles & Gintis, 2011).Ĭonflict theorists tend to disagree with the functionalist idea that social institutions are fundamentally productive forces (Ritzer & Stepnisky, 2017).Ī conflict theorist would look at functionalism and critique its endorsement of the status quo (Domhoff, 2014). ![]() ![]() Latent functions: Latent functions are the unintended, often negative, consequences of an institution (Merton, 2010).The function of schooling, for example, is to educate the masses so they can have jobs and contribute to the economy (Sorokin, 2013). Manifest functions: Manifest functions are the intended functions or purposes of an institution (Merton, 2010).To Merton, social institutions have two functions: Merton contributed to functionalism by exploring the functions of social institutions. By being interdependent, each social institution cooperates with the other for the greater good (Andersen & Taylor, 2017). As a result, we feel a sense of obligation to one another and establish a social contract (Alexander & Smith, 2010).īased on the above, Durkheim examined social institutions like families, schools, police forces, and so on, and saw that they each have a key role in establishing stability of the society as a whole. We acknowledge we need others – who might be specialists in their specific fields – to help keep everything operating smoothly (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, Pfaff, & Virk, 2012). Organic solidarity: This occurs when a large, modern, multicultural society achieves stability and order because we acknowledge we are interdependent. ![]() In such societies, solidarity is based on a sense of kinship (Durkheim, 2014). It is evident in traditional societies, where there is general homogeneity in views and beliefs.
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